How does a shipowner prove seaworthiness at the start of voyage under the general standard?

How does a shipowner prove seaworthiness at the start of voyage under the general standard?

• A. A formal seaworthy certificate issued by port state control.
• B. By demonstrating ongoing compliance with safety management systems only.
• C. By presenting a valid insurance policy.
• D. By showing due diligence to ensure seaworthiness, including crew competency, proper equipment, maintenance, and safety procedures.

Answer: (D)